gh-130163: Fix usage of borrow references from _PySys_GetAttr

[sergey-miryanov]

WIP

• Issue: Crash when concurrently writing with print and concurrently modifying sys.stdout #130163

	Repro	Tests	Raised exception
_pickle.c/whichmodule	No	No	Don't keep
_threadmodule.c/thread_excepthook	No	No	Keep
faulthandler.c/faulthandler_get_fileno	Yes	Yes	Don't keep
bltinmodule.c/builtin_print_impl	Yes	Yes	Don't keep
bltinmodule.c/builtin_input_impl	Yes	Yes	Don't keep
errors.c/write_unraisable_exc	No	No	Keep
errors.c/format_unraisable_v	Yes	Yes	Keep
_warnings.c/show_warning	Yes	Yes	Don't keep
intrinsics.c/print_expr	No	No	Don't keep
pylifecycle.c/flush_std_files	Yes/No	Yes/No	Don't keep
pythonrun.c/_PyRun_InteractiveLoopObject	No	No	Don't keep
pythonrun.c/pyrun_one_parse_ast	No	No	Don't keep
pythonrun.c/_Py_HandleSystemExitAndKeyboardInterrupt	No	No	Don't keep
pythonrun.c/_PyErr_PrintEx	Yes	Yes	Don't keep
pythonrun.c/PyErr_Display	No	No	Don't keep
pythonrun.c/flush_io_stream	No	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/sys_displayhook	Maybe	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/get_warnoptions	No	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/PySys_ResetWarnOptions	No	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/PySys_HasWarnOptions	No	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/_PySys_AddXOptionWithError	No	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/PySys_SetArgvEx	No	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/sys_write	No	No	Don't keep
sysmodule.c/sys_format	No	No	Don't keep
traceback.c/_Py_FindSourceFile	No	No	Don't keep

• I can get a "segfault" error when I use sys_displayhook, but not where it's used.
• For sys_write, sys_format - I have checked all the places where they called, and most of the locations are safe. However, a few places use %s specifier, in such places it is very tricky to get segfault.
• get_warnoptions, PySys_ResetWarnOptions, _PySys_AddXOptionWithError - are deprecated, but it is a very tricky to get segfault too.
• flush_io_stream, PyErr_Display, pyrun_one_parse_ast, print_expr, write_unraisable_exc, thread_excepthook - very tight - They use a borrowed reference right after getting. It might be possible to reproduce it under heavy contention, but I wasn't able to do so.
• _PyRun_InteractiveLoopObject only checks presence of ps1 and ps2.
• flush_std_files used from _Py_Finalize and from fatal_error. For _Py_Finalize I can repro, for fatal_error - no.
• whichmodule, _Py_FindSourceFile iterate borrowed reference, but I wasn't able to reproduce segfault.
• Keep or not before raised exception - in the most places _PySys_GetAttr called without an exception set.

[sergey-miryanov]

Close in favor #130503