GH-39131: [JS] Add at() for array like types

[domoritz]

Simpler version of #40712 that preserves get.

• GitHub Issue: [JS] Implement at for array like types #39131

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 7 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit 7d18448.

There were 6 benchmark results indicating a performance regression:

• Commit Run on ursa-i9-9960x at 2024-04-17 06:59:10Z
  • tpch (R) with engine=arrow, format=native, language=R, memory_map=False, query_id=TPCH-02, scale_factor=1
  • tpch (R) with engine=arrow, format=native, language=R, memory_map=False, query_id=TPCH-03, scale_factor=1
• and 4 more (see the report linked below)

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 1 possible false positive for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.