diff --git a/doc/api/test.md b/doc/api/test.md
index 40fb08d0d5b181..223ccf53267078 100644
--- a/doc/api/test.md
+++ b/doc/api/test.md
@@ -2431,16 +2431,29 @@ changes:
     generates a new mock module. If `true`, subsequent calls will return the same
     module mock, and the mock module is inserted into the CommonJS cache.
     **Default:** false.
+  * `exports` {Object} Optional mocked exports. The `default` property, if
+    provided, is used as the mocked module's default export. All other own
+    enumerable properties are used as named exports.
+    * If the mock is a CommonJS or builtin module, `exports.default` is used as
+      the value of `module.exports`.
+    * If `exports.default` is not provided for a CommonJS or builtin mock,
+      `module.exports` defaults to an empty object.
+    * If named exports are provided with a non-object default export, the mock
+      throws an exception when used as a CommonJS or builtin module.
   * `defaultExport` {any} An optional value used as the mocked module's default
     export. If this value is not provided, ESM mocks do not include a default
     export. If the mock is a CommonJS or builtin module, this setting is used as
     the value of `module.exports`. If this value is not provided, CJS and builtin
     mocks use an empty object as the value of `module.exports`.
+    This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future major release.
+    Prefer `options.exports.default`.
   * `namedExports` {Object} An optional object whose keys and values are used to
     create the named exports of the mock module. If the mock is a CommonJS or
     builtin module, these values are copied onto `module.exports`. Therefore, if a
     mock is created with both named exports and a non-object default export, the
     mock will throw an exception when used as a CJS or builtin module.
+    This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future major release.
+    Prefer `options.exports`.
 * Returns: {MockModuleContext} An object that can be used to manipulate the mock.
 
 This function is used to mock the exports of ECMAScript modules, CommonJS modules, JSON modules, and
@@ -2455,7 +2468,7 @@ test('mocks a builtin module in both module systems', async (t) => {
   // Create a mock of 'node:readline' with a named export named 'fn', which
   // does not exist in the original 'node:readline' module.
   const mock = t.mock.module('node:readline', {
-    namedExports: { fn() { return 42; } },
+    exports: { fn() { return 42; } },
   });
 
   let esmImpl = await import('node:readline');
diff --git a/lib/internal/test_runner/mock/mock.js b/lib/internal/test_runner/mock/mock.js
index 1af24c77a10731..2f85e05fab060a 100644
--- a/lib/internal/test_runner/mock/mock.js
+++ b/lib/internal/test_runner/mock/mock.js
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ const kSupportedFormats = [
   'module',
 ];
 let sharedModuleState;
+let warnedLegacyDefaultExport;
+let warnedLegacyNamedExports;
 const {
   hooks: mockHooks,
   mocks,
@@ -627,14 +629,11 @@ class MockTracker {
     debug('module mock entry, specifier = "%s", options = %o', specifier, options);
 
     const {
-      cache = false,
-      namedExports = kEmptyObject,
+      cache,
       defaultExport,
-    } = options;
-    const hasDefaultExport = 'defaultExport' in options;
-
-    validateBoolean(cache, 'options.cache');
-    validateObject(namedExports, 'options.namedExports');
+      hasDefaultExport,
+      namedExports,
+    } = normalizeModuleMockOptions(options);
 
     const sharedState = setupSharedModuleState();
     const mockSpecifier = StringPrototypeStartsWith(specifier, 'node:') ?
@@ -816,6 +815,90 @@ class MockTracker {
   }
 }
 
+function normalizeModuleMockOptions(options) {
+  const { cache = false } = options;
+  validateBoolean(cache, 'options.cache');
+
+  const moduleExports = {
+    __proto__: null,
+  };
+
+  if ('exports' in options) {
+    validateObject(options.exports, 'options.exports');
+    copyOwnProperties(options.exports, moduleExports);
+  }
+
+  if ('namedExports' in options) {
+    validateObject(options.namedExports, 'options.namedExports');
+    emitLegacyMockOptionWarning('namedExports');
+    copyOwnProperties(options.namedExports, moduleExports);
+  }
+
+  if ('defaultExport' in options) {
+    emitLegacyMockOptionWarning('defaultExport');
+    moduleExports.default = options.defaultExport;
+  }
+
+  const namedExports = { __proto__: null };
+  const exportNames = ObjectKeys(moduleExports);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < exportNames.length; ++i) {
+    const name = exportNames[i];
+
+    if (name === 'default') {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const descriptor = ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor(moduleExports, name);
+    ObjectDefineProperty(namedExports, name, descriptor);
+  }
+
+  return {
+    __proto__: null,
+    cache,
+    defaultExport: moduleExports.default,
+    hasDefaultExport: 'default' in moduleExports,
+    namedExports,
+  };
+}
+
+function emitLegacyMockOptionWarning(option) {
+  switch (option) {
+    case 'defaultExport':
+      if (warnedLegacyDefaultExport === true) {
+        return;
+      }
+      warnedLegacyDefaultExport = true;
+      process.emitWarning(
+        'mock.module(): options.defaultExport is deprecated. ' +
+        'Use options.exports.default instead.',
+        'DeprecationWarning',
+      );
+      break;
+    case 'namedExports':
+      if (warnedLegacyNamedExports === true) {
+        return;
+      }
+      warnedLegacyNamedExports = true;
+      process.emitWarning(
+        'mock.module(): options.namedExports is deprecated. ' +
+        'Use options.exports instead.',
+        'DeprecationWarning',
+      );
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+function copyOwnProperties(from, to) {
+  const keys = ObjectKeys(from);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; ++i) {
+    const key = keys[i];
+    const descriptor = ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor(from, key);
+    ObjectDefineProperty(to, key, descriptor);
+  }
+}
+
 function setupSharedModuleState() {
   if (sharedModuleState === undefined) {
     const { mock } = require('test');
diff --git a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/coverage-with-mock.mjs b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/coverage-with-mock.mjs
index 5d5b2b14f66a95..e3b8fcc473f450 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/coverage-with-mock.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/coverage-with-mock.mjs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { describe, it, mock } from 'node:test';
 
 describe('module test with mock', async () => {
   mock.module('../coverage-with-mock/sum.js', {
-    namedExports: {
+    exports: {
       sum: (a, b) => 1,
       getData: () => ({}),
     },
diff --git a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.mts b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.mts
index c26ddcac9b33f9..5498d5f83831a1 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.mts
+++ b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.mts
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ describe('foo', { concurrency: true }, () => {
             .then(({ default: _, ...rest }) => rest);
 
         mock.module('../coverage/bar.mts', {
-            defaultExport: barMock,
-            namedExports: barNamedExports,
+            exports: {
+                ...barNamedExports,
+                default: barMock,
+            },
         });
 
         ({ foo } = await import('../coverage/foo.mts'));
diff --git a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.snapshot b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.snapshot
index 25546c9a5d0060..d31a59c5be61a3 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.snapshot
+++ b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/typescript-coverage.snapshot
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@ ok 1 - foo
 #    output                   |        |          |         |
 #     typescript-coverage.mts | 100.00 |   100.00 |  100.00 |
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# all files                   |  93.55 |   100.00 |   85.71 |
+# all files                   |  93.94 |   100.00 |   85.71 |
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # end of coverage report
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-runner-module-mocking.js b/test/parallel/test-runner-module-mocking.js
index dcb6f84597fe71..fb2049f19a12de 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-runner-module-mocking.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-runner-module-mocking.js
@@ -39,6 +39,33 @@ test('input validation', async (t) => {
       });
     }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
   });
+
+  await t.test('throws if exports is not an object', async (t) => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      t.mock.module(__filename, {
+        exports: null,
+      });
+    }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
+  });
+
+  await t.test('allows exports to be used with legacy options', async (t) => {
+    const fixturePath = fixtures.path('module-mocking', 'basic-cjs.js');
+    const fixture = pathToFileURL(fixturePath);
+
+    t.mock.module(fixture, {
+      exports: { value: 'from exports' },
+      namedExports: { value: 'from namedExports' },
+      defaultExport: { from: 'defaultExport' },
+    });
+
+    const cjsMock = require(fixturePath);
+    const esmMock = await import(fixture);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(cjsMock.value, 'from namedExports');
+    assert.strictEqual(cjsMock.from, 'defaultExport');
+    assert.strictEqual(esmMock.value, 'from namedExports');
+    assert.strictEqual(esmMock.default.from, 'defaultExport');
+  });
 });
 
 test('core module mocking with namedExports option', async (t) => {
@@ -517,42 +544,33 @@ test('mocks can be restored independently', async (t) => {
   assert.strictEqual(esmImpl.fn, undefined);
 });
 
-test('core module mocks can be used by both module systems', async (t) => {
-  const coreMock = t.mock.module('readline', {
-    namedExports: { fn() { return 42; } },
-  });
+async function assertCoreModuleMockWorksInBothModuleSystems(t, specifier, options) {
+  const coreMock = t.mock.module(specifier, options);
 
-  let esmImpl = await import('readline');
-  let cjsImpl = require('readline');
+  let esmImpl = await import(specifier);
+  let cjsImpl = require(specifier);
 
   assert.strictEqual(esmImpl.fn(), 42);
   assert.strictEqual(cjsImpl.fn(), 42);
 
   coreMock.restore();
-  esmImpl = await import('readline');
-  cjsImpl = require('readline');
+  esmImpl = await import(specifier);
+  cjsImpl = require(specifier);
 
   assert.strictEqual(typeof esmImpl.cursorTo, 'function');
   assert.strictEqual(typeof cjsImpl.cursorTo, 'function');
+}
+
+test('core module mocks can be used by both module systems', async (t) => {
+  await assertCoreModuleMockWorksInBothModuleSystems(t, 'readline', {
+    namedExports: { fn() { return 42; } },
+  });
 });
 
 test('node:- core module mocks can be used by both module systems', async (t) => {
-  const coreMock = t.mock.module('node:readline', {
+  await assertCoreModuleMockWorksInBothModuleSystems(t, 'node:readline', {
     namedExports: { fn() { return 42; } },
   });
-
-  let esmImpl = await import('node:readline');
-  let cjsImpl = require('node:readline');
-
-  assert.strictEqual(esmImpl.fn(), 42);
-  assert.strictEqual(cjsImpl.fn(), 42);
-
-  coreMock.restore();
-  esmImpl = await import('node:readline');
-  cjsImpl = require('node:readline');
-
-  assert.strictEqual(typeof esmImpl.cursorTo, 'function');
-  assert.strictEqual(typeof cjsImpl.cursorTo, 'function');
 });
 
 test('CJS mocks can be used by both module systems', async (t) => {
@@ -666,6 +684,55 @@ test('defaultExports work with ESM mocks in both module systems', async (t) => {
   assert.strictEqual(require(fixturePath), defaultExport);
 });
 
+test('exports option works with core module mocks in both module systems', async (t) => {
+  await assertCoreModuleMockWorksInBothModuleSystems(t, 'readline', {
+    exports: { fn() { return 42; } },
+  });
+});
+
+test('exports option supports default for CJS mocks in both module systems', async (t) => {
+  const fixturePath = fixtures.path('module-mocking', 'basic-cjs.js');
+  const fixture = pathToFileURL(fixturePath);
+  const defaultExport = { val1: 5, val2: 3 };
+
+  t.mock.module(fixture, {
+    exports: {
+      default: defaultExport,
+      val1: 'mock value',
+    },
+  });
+
+  const cjsMock = require(fixturePath);
+  const esmMock = await import(fixture);
+
+  assert.strictEqual(cjsMock, defaultExport);
+  assert.strictEqual(esmMock.default, defaultExport);
+  assert.strictEqual(cjsMock.val1, 'mock value');
+  assert.strictEqual(esmMock.val1, 'mock value');
+  assert.strictEqual(cjsMock.val2, 3);
+});
+
+test('exports option supports default for ESM mocks in both module systems', async (t) => {
+  const fixturePath = fixtures.path('module-mocking', 'basic-esm.mjs');
+  const fixture = pathToFileURL(fixturePath);
+  const defaultExport = { mocked: true };
+
+  t.mock.module(fixture, {
+    exports: {
+      default: defaultExport,
+      val1: 'mock value',
+    },
+  });
+
+  const esmMock = await import(fixture);
+  const cjsMock = require(fixturePath);
+
+  assert.strictEqual(esmMock.default, defaultExport);
+  assert.strictEqual(esmMock.val1, 'mock value');
+  assert.strictEqual(cjsMock, defaultExport);
+  assert.strictEqual(cjsMock.val1, 'mock value');
+});
+
 test('wrong import syntax should throw error after module mocking', async () => {
   const { stdout, stderr, code } = await common.spawnPromisified(
     process.execPath,